Informatics Publishing Limited

V. Anoor Dharani ¹, G. Divya ¹, N. Esack ¹, M. Gokul Raj ¹, H. Mangalam ², N. K. Anushkannan ³

Affiliations
1 Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore, IN
2 Department-ECE, Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore, IN
3 Anna University, Coimbatore, IN

Abstract

With the advent of portable and high-density microelectronic devices, the power dissipation of very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits is becoming a critical concern. Accurate and efficient power estimation during the design phase is required in order to meet the power specifications without a costly redesign process. This paper presents the survey of the performance of several architectures for the Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) and Charge Pump (CP). PFD plays a significant role on the whole Phase Locked Loop system (PLL). PFD has an advantageous function over the Phase detector (PD) and Frequency detector (FD) by detecting phase and frequency detection at a time. The performance of charge pumps depends heavily on the ability to efficiently generate high voltages on-chip while meeting stringent power and area requirements.

Keywords

Phase Frequency Detector, Charge Pump.

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Akshara Ravi ¹, M. Gokul Raj ¹, Sathiavelu Arunachalam ¹, Mythili Sathiavelu ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Marine environment is known for its rich and vast diversity of flora and fauna. It acts as a potential source for a variety of drugs that can cure wide range of diseases like cancer, diabetes. In this article, we have emphasized on the different types of anticancer drugs obtained from the marine biome. The drugs have been tabulated on the basis of their source. Though most of the drugs are being isolated from marine animals, marine microbes and plants also have the capacity to produce metabolites that possess anticancer activities. This review throws light on some of the anticancer drugs isolated from marine microbes, animals and plants as well. When compared to other natural environments, marine environment tops the list by giving most of the drugs to the medical field. The marine environment has become an extraordinary source for extracting anti-cancer drugs. All these drugs have enough potential to be analyzed for their anti-cancer capabilities. This article highlights all the major marine mined drugs which are being used in treating cancer. Few of these drugs are into existence but few are still under clinical trials. Lots of research needs to be put into this field so as to obtain effective anticancer drugs.

Keywords

Cancer, Anticancer Drugs, Marine Environment.

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